在MySpace和Facebook等社交網(wǎng)站成為Web 2.0的新寵之前很久,工程師們就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在Usenet或Newsgroups新聞組上,通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)探討問(wèn)題并相互幫助。他們經(jīng)常把文件上傳到FTP上,與其他工程師共享。
就像十幾歲的年輕人喜歡在MySpace上獲取聲望、財(cái)富和友誼一樣,工程師們喜歡在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上結(jié)識(shí)同行并獲取同行們的認(rèn)可。和其他人一樣,他們也渴望在能夠展示自己才能的地方獲得關(guān)注。
不過(guò)工程師們喜歡訪問(wèn)的網(wǎng)站,通常是由科技公司自己主辦的用戶社區(qū)網(wǎng)站。工程師們?cè)谶@些網(wǎng)站上更多的是進(jìn)行 “計(jì)算機(jī)社交”,而非“網(wǎng)絡(luò)社交”。
兩者的差別暫且不談,但它們之間的共性卻都是讓人欲罷不能。對(duì)此問(wèn)題,維基百科的共同創(chuàng)始人Jimmy Wales曾經(jīng)寫道:“維基百科的關(guān)鍵就在于它充滿樂(lè)趣,讓人上癮。”
更重要的是,它提供了一個(gè)可以讓人獨(dú)處、同時(shí)又具備社交特性的場(chǎng)所。
在《紐約書評(píng)》最近的一篇文章中,Nicholson Baker描述了這樣一種現(xiàn)象: “所有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)的卓越成就 —— 例如電子郵件、AOL聊天、Facebook、Gawker、Second Life、YouTube、Daily Kos、魔獸世界等 —— 或多或少都具備一些讓人上癮的因素；它們之所以能夠讓用戶樂(lè)此不疲,都是因?yàn)榫邆溥@種以獨(dú)處的方式進(jìn)行社交的特性: 用戶不斷地登錄、不斷地查看信息,就好比你試圖睡覺(jué)時(shí),卻想?yún)⒓訕窍屡e行的熱鬧聚會(huì)一樣。”
The MathWorks作為科學(xué)計(jì)算和基于模型設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)先軟件供應(yīng)商,見(jiàn)證了在其用戶社區(qū)中出現(xiàn)的一場(chǎng)巨大變革。 MathWorks用戶社區(qū)的負(fù)責(zé)人Ned Gulley提起了過(guò)去兩年中發(fā)生的“巨變” ——Matlab站點(diǎn)的訪問(wèn)人數(shù)每年增加一倍。
The MathWorks成立于1984年,從20世紀(jì)90年代初就主辦了一個(gè)名為Matlab Central的用戶社區(qū)。如Ned Gulley所說(shuō),公司“并非從零開(kāi)始”。 但其FTP站點(diǎn)的文件從最初的幾百個(gè)已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)到了7500個(gè)。用戶每天會(huì)向Matlab的文件交換區(qū)增加7到8個(gè)文件。 公司的新聞組也會(huì)不斷收到新的問(wèn)題,提出進(jìn)行文件交換。
根據(jù)The MathWorks公司提供的報(bào)告,公司起初建立了一個(gè)可容納100萬(wàn)用戶的Matlab計(jì)算語(yǔ)言社區(qū),實(shí)際每月吸引約400,000名用戶。
雖然The MathWorks公司會(huì)不斷維護(hù)自己主辦的社區(qū),但正如Gulley說(shuō)過(guò)的一樣:“客戶為網(wǎng)站帶來(lái)的資源要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于公司本身,從某種角度來(lái)說(shuō),他們才是網(wǎng)站的主辦者。” PicScout公司(一家視覺(jué)內(nèi)容監(jiān)測(cè)供應(yīng)商)的研發(fā)副總裁Yair Altman是個(gè)活躍的Matlab用戶。他居住在以色列,第一次來(lái)到The MathWorks的用戶社區(qū)時(shí),認(rèn)為這只是一個(gè)在線幫助網(wǎng)站。 之后卻很快發(fā)現(xiàn),這個(gè)論壇可以提供比預(yù)想中更多的東西。
Matlab社區(qū)由兩部分組成:論壇和文件交換區(qū)。Altman認(rèn)為Matlab論壇對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要,因?yàn)樗谶@里能比在Google更快、更有效地搜索到與The MathWorks相關(guān)的問(wèn)題的答案。
Altman說(shuō):“如果用戶在微軟的封閉軟件包中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)bug,然后發(fā)郵件給它的服務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì),那簡(jiǎn)直就是遙不可及。而在Matlab社區(qū),用戶可與使用The MathWorks的用戶直接對(duì)話并得到回應(yīng)。”
這讓人上癮。 即使在Altman忙得不可開(kāi)交的時(shí)候,他每天仍然忍不住要登陸Matlab社區(qū),查看新帖。 他還向Matlab的文件交換區(qū)提交過(guò)程序。 他說(shuō):“在我獲得正面評(píng)價(jià)時(shí),會(huì)感到非常地自豪, 而同行們給出的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)則會(huì)讓自己懊惱。我會(huì)對(duì)自己說(shuō),‘這是一個(gè)完美的程序! 為什么他們不接受？’”但通常這種經(jīng)歷只會(huì)激勵(lì)他提交更多的修改程序。
通過(guò)展示最佳編程法,工程師們找到了一個(gè)釋放專業(yè)自豪感的出口。 而類似于Matlab的社區(qū)網(wǎng)站也“為實(shí)習(xí)工程師們搭建了一個(gè)平臺(tái)”,Gulley說(shuō): “一名年輕的工程師通常需要在一位資深工程師的帶領(lǐng)下,學(xué)習(xí)最佳的編程方法。”
“類似于Matlab這樣的社區(qū)論壇,可以為經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的工程師們提供一個(gè)平臺(tái),結(jié)識(shí)‘新工程師’,并幫助他們成長(zhǎng),”他補(bǔ)充道。
John D'Errico是一名Matlab用戶,他在Kodak公司做了29年的數(shù)學(xué)家,2年半前退休。 D'Errico非常熟悉Matlab,但在退休前總是缺少時(shí)間和精力參與到其中。
現(xiàn)在他有了自己的時(shí)間,每天清晨4:30起床,之后至少?gòu)腗atlab的文件交換區(qū)上下載一個(gè)文件。 D'Errico是評(píng)論組中的一員,他翻來(lái)覆去地研究那些程序文件,查找錯(cuò)誤,確定它是否符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 然后寫一份詳細(xì)的評(píng)論文章,發(fā)布在文件交換區(qū)上。 D'Errico被看作是Matlab社區(qū)中最有魅力的導(dǎo)師之一。
“在我開(kāi)始做出長(zhǎng)篇的、實(shí)質(zhì)性和建設(shè)性的評(píng)論前,Matlab社區(qū)上的大多數(shù)評(píng)論都只是三言兩語(yǔ),沒(méi)有任何建設(shè)性意義。 之后,我看到其他一些人也開(kāi)始為此付諸努力。 有人做出建設(shè)性工作、為其他人提供反饋時(shí),就可以提高所有來(lái)訪者的水平。”
D'Errico補(bǔ)充道:“提供指導(dǎo)有多種方式: 回答問(wèn)題、為所提交的代碼提供評(píng)論是最常見(jiàn)的兩種方式。 第三種就是提交自己的代碼。 通過(guò)這種方式,可以讓其他人看到自己的作品,有時(shí)還會(huì)仿效你的作品。 ”
“我們從在外部世界中看到的以及自己的錯(cuò)誤中汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 如果自身的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)僅來(lái)源于隨機(jī)的錯(cuò)誤和成功,會(huì)讓自己花費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間才能取得進(jìn)步。”
Gulley表示,對(duì)于社交網(wǎng)站,絕不要低估“人們對(duì)做出貢獻(xiàn)的需要” 。 人們希望貢獻(xiàn)自己的知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn),獲得別人的欣賞和尊重。這也是維基百科之所以能興盛的原因之一。
在公司里,網(wǎng)絡(luò)社交會(huì)與一些潛在的商業(yè)觀念產(chǎn)生沖突。 D'Errico說(shuō),在他將代碼提交到Matlab社區(qū)的文件交換區(qū)之前,如果想鉆公司的空子,Kodak是不會(huì)讓他輕易成功的。 他說(shuō),這種努力“不是一般地麻煩。”
D'Errico說(shuō),如果哪個(gè)員工想寫些新程序,首先一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是: “我們是不是應(yīng)該對(duì)此擁有專利？”
PicScout公司的Altman并不把專利問(wèn)題看作是涉足Matlab的一種阻礙,在很大程度上是由于別人所提交的代碼“與自己所做的工作并沒(méi)有任何直接關(guān)系。” D'Ericco對(duì)此保持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。 隨著年輕一代網(wǎng)絡(luò)社交愛(ài)好者進(jìn)入工程師圈子,公司對(duì)于專利問(wèn)題的擔(dān)憂也許會(huì)有所降低。 “僅僅需要一小部分人”就可以徹底改變局面,D'Ericco說(shuō)道,“各家公司都會(huì)鼓勵(lì)員工更頻繁地公開(kāi)他們的代碼,與外部世界分享資料。”
如果計(jì)算機(jī)社交已經(jīng)在工程師的圈子中過(guò)時(shí),那如何解釋最近在用戶社區(qū)中出現(xiàn)的流量猛增現(xiàn)象？ 無(wú)需再左顧右盼,看看近幾年來(lái)消費(fèi)者在線購(gòu)買行為的變化就足以說(shuō)明問(wèn)題。Gulley說(shuō): “如果今天你想買一個(gè)數(shù)字便攜攝像機(jī),毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),你一定知道應(yīng)該去哪一個(gè)網(wǎng)站。 那一定是一個(gè)你非常信任的網(wǎng)站,你可以在其上比較型號(hào)和價(jià)格,并最終購(gòu)買一個(gè)理想中的機(jī)型 。消費(fèi)者們知道,他們不需要去憐憫銷售商。”
這與工程領(lǐng)域相似。 如果一名工程師被要求開(kāi)發(fā)新軟件,他并不需要重新溫習(xí)大學(xué)課本并開(kāi)始重新書寫代碼,而是會(huì)想到,“在某個(gè)地方一定有類似的程序。 我并不需要重新開(kāi)始,”Gulley解釋說(shuō)道。
正如在Matlab社區(qū)中常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題,經(jīng)常會(huì)有人質(zhì)問(wèn): “你是想要我們來(lái)幫你完成工作么？”簡(jiǎn)而言之,論壇也有它自身的禮節(jié)。 “你不可以簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),‘請(qǐng)完成以下工作’,然后期望別人把東西喂給你,”Gulley說(shuō)。
Matlab社區(qū)是一種“網(wǎng)絡(luò)社交”嗎？ Gulley認(rèn)為它更像是一種“計(jì)算機(jī)社交”,不過(guò)用戶的體驗(yàn)正在使兩者之間的界線逐漸模糊。
D'Errico說(shuō)道:“有些人我會(huì)經(jīng)常和他們溝通,和他們一起我會(huì)覺(jué)得很開(kāi)心,我愿意把這些人稱為‘朋友’。在論壇上幫助過(guò)許多人后,我也會(huì)收到類似這樣的信息,‘如果你到城里來(lái),我愿意請(qǐng)你喝啤酒。’”。 可惜的是,D'Errico很少有機(jī)會(huì)再出差,自然也沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)喝到這樣的啤酒。
翻頁(yè)查看英文原文:
Long before social networks such as MySpace and Facebook became the darlings of Web 2.0, engineers were active in Usenet or Newsgroups, asking questions and helping one another via the Internet. They routinely uploaded files on FTP sites to share with engineers.
Just as teenagers crave fame, fortune and friendship on MySpace, engineers also seek recognition and camaraderie among their peers on the Internet. Like anyone, they long for an audience where they can strut their stuff.
The preferred Internet hangouts for engineers, though, are user communities, often hosted by technology companies. What they do there may be better described as "social computing" rather than "social networking."
Differences aside, the common denominator of "social computing" and "social networking" is that it's hard to stop. In that vein, Wikipedia's co-founder Jimmy Wales once wrote: "The main thing about Wikipedia is that it is fun and addictive."
More importantly, it offers a place to be solitary and yet social.
In a recent article in The New York Review of Books, Nicholson Baker described the phenomenon: "All big Internet successes--e-mail, AOL chat, Facebook, Gawker, Second Life, YouTube, Daily Kos, World of Warcraft--have a more or less addictive component; they hook you because they are solitary ways to be social: you keep checking in, peeking in, as you would to some noisy party going on downstairs in a house while you're trying to sleep."
MathWorks, a leading software provider for technical computing and model-based design, is witnessing a huge surge in activity in its online user communities. Ned Gulley, a leader for MathWork's user community, cited "a sea change" in the last two years, with the number of visitors to the Matlab site doubling on an annual basis.
Founded in 1984, Mathworks has been hosting a user community called Matlab Central since the early 1990's. As Gulley acknowledged, the company "didn't start from zero." But a few hundred files originally on its FTP site have grown to 7,500. Users add seven to eight new files every day to Matlab's file exchange. Its news group receives new questions constantly, prompting threads of exchanges.
Matlab, originally created to house a community of nearly 1 million users of the computing language of the same name, attracts nearly 400,000 users a month, according to the company.
While MathWorks maintains its storefront, it is "customers, not the company, hosting the site, who bring materials to the Web site," said Gulley. Yair Altman, vice president of R&D at PicScout, a visual content monitoring provider, is an active Matlab user. Altman, based in Israel, first came to MathWork's user community thinking it was an online help site. He quickly found out that the forum offers much more.
Matlab consists of two components: "Forum and "File exchange." Altman calls Matlab's forum "by far the most important" because he finds answers there to questions related to MathWorks "faster and more useful than Google."
"If you find a bug in Microsoft's closed software package, you send an e-mail to its support team. That's as far as you go." With Matlab, "you get direct dialog and responses from people who have been actually using MathWorks," Altman said.
It's addictive. Even when he's swamped, Altman can't help but look up new posts each day. He also submits programs to Matlab's File exchange. "When I get good reviews, I am quite proud of it," he said. Poor reviews from peers elicit the opposite response. "I say to myself, 'That was a perfect submission! Why don't they get it?'" The exercise only motivates him to submit more revisions.
By showing the best practices for programming, engineers find an outlet for their professional pride. Further, Web sites like Matlab are "building scaffolding for engineering apprenticeship," observed Gulley. A young engineer needs to sit next to a senior person to learn best practices in programming, he said.
Forums like Matlab "can provide a structure for experienced engineers to meet [new engineers] and help them grow," he added.
John D'Errico, a Kodak mathematician for 29 years who retired two and a half years ago, is an Matlab user. D'Errico was very familiar with Matlab, but lacked the time and energy to participate prior to his retirement.
Now he does, rising at 4:30 a.m. and downloading at least one file a day from Matlab's file exchange. A member of its review team, D'Errico tears apart the file, checks for errors and checks to see if it conforms to standards. He then writes a detailed review and posts comments on the file exchange. D'Errico is considered one of Matlab's most engaging mentors.
"Before I started the long, substantial, constructive reviews, most of the reviews [on Matlab] were single sentences, and not constructive. Afterwards, I saw a few others making a bit more of an effort.
"When you have a visible individual who acts constructively, providing feedback to the rest, this can raise the level of all those who visit the area."
D'Errico added, "Mentoring has a variety of forms: answering questions, providing reviews of submitted code are two such forms. A third is submitting one's own code. Here, the rest can see your own work, often emulating what they see.
"We learn by what we see in the outside world as well as from our own mistakes. If our own learning came only from our own random mistakes and successes, it may take a long time to evolve."
As for social networks, never underestimate "human needs to contribute," said Gulley. People want to contribute, to be appreciated and to be respected. How else to explain Wikipedia's boom?
In the corporate world, social networking can clash with the the commercial potential of an idea. D'Errico said Kodak didn't make it easy when he sought corporate clearance before submitting his code to Matlab's file exchange. The effort, he said, "was a pain in the butt."
If an employee wants to write something new, D'Errico, said, the first question is: "Should we patent this first?"
PicScout's Altman doesn't see patent issues as a hindrance to Matlab involvement, largely because code he submits rarely has any "direct relation to the job I do." D'Ericco remains hopeful. Corporate patent anxiety might subside as a generation of young social networkers enter the engineering workforce. It could take "only a few people in a corporation," said D'Ericco, to swing the pendulum. "Corporations could encourage their employees to publish their code and share stuff with the outside world more often."
But if social computing is old hat among engineers, how to explain the recent burst in traffic among user communities? Look no further than the change in consumers' online behavior in the last few years, said Gulley. "If you want to buy a digital camcorder today, without question you already know a Web site you can go to. That's a site you trust, where you can compare models and prices and ultimately even purchase a model you want," he said. "Consumers know they are no longer at the mercy of vendors."
There is a direct parallel to what's happening in engineering. If an engineer is asked to develop a new piece of software, instead of dusting off his college books and starting to write code from scratch, he just thinks, "This has to exist somewhere. I refuse to do it myself," explained Gulley.
As seen in many Matlab threads, a common jab is: "Are you asking us to do your homework?" In short, the forum has a system of etiquette. "You can't just say, 'Please do the following' and expect to get spoon-fed," Gulley said.
Is Matlab considered a "social network"? Gulley believes it's still more like "social computing," but the experiences of many users might be blurring that line in a positive way.
D'Errico said, "There are a couple people with whom I communicate so oftenI feel comfortable calling them 'friends.'" After helping many on the forum, "I do get messages like, 'if you are ever in town, I'll treat you a beer,'" he said. Unfortunately, D'Errico, who no longer travels that often, has yet to sip that first beer.
